# Disclosure of Interest in Contracts: s.221 and s.222 in Practice

> How a director declares an interest in a contract under s.221 of the Companies Act 2016, why s.221(8) makes the minute the secretary's statutory duty, and when the s.222 voting restriction actually bites.

- Category: company-secretary
- Language: en
- Status: published
- Updated: 2026-07-20
- Canonical: https://negaraku.md/en/company-secretary/disclosure-of-interest

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The declaration was made. Everyone in the room heard it. Two years later a
minority shareholder asks for the board minutes of that meeting, and the minute
records only that the supply agreement was approved. Nothing about the interest.

At that point the company has a problem that is bigger than the contract. Under
s.221(10) of the Companies Act 2016 the contract is voidable at the company's
instance. And the person who failed the statute is not only the director — it is
the secretary, because s.221(8) puts the minute-writing duty on the secretary by
name.

Disclosure of interest fails in Malaysian companies almost never at the moment of
speaking. It fails at the moment of writing.

## What exactly must a director declare?

Section 221(1) requires **every** director who is in any way, whether directly or
indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with the company to
declare **the nature of his interest at a meeting of the board of directors**, as
soon as practicable after the relevant facts have come to his knowledge.

Four elements do the work:

- **"in any way, directly or indirectly"** — no materiality threshold in the
  opening words, and no requirement that the interest be financial.
- **"contract or proposed contract"** — the duty bites before the contract is
  signed, not after.
- **"at a meeting of the board"** — the forum is fixed. A private conversation
  with the chairman, an email to the other directors, or a note in a file is not
  a declaration under s.221(1).
- **"as soon as practicable after the relevant facts have come to the director's
  knowledge"** — the clock starts on knowledge, not on the board's next scheduled
  meeting date.

Section 221(6) adds a second, separate duty that is routinely missed: every
director who holds any office or possesses any property where duties or interests
may conflict with his duties as a director must declare the fact and **the
nature, character and extent** of the conflict at a board meeting. Section 221(7)
fixes when — at the first directors' meeting held after he becomes a director, or
if he is already a director, after he commences to hold the office or possess the
property.

That is a standing conflicts declaration, and most Sdn Bhd boards have never made
one.

## Whose interests count as yours?

Section 221(9) reaches into the family. An interest in the shares or debentures
of a company held by:

- the **spouse** of a director, where that spouse is not himself or herself a
  director of the company; or
- a **child, including an adopted child or stepchild**, of a director, where the
  child is not a director of the company,

is treated as an interest of the director in the contract or proposed contract.

Note the shape of it. The deeming applies where the family member is *not* a
director — because if they are a director, they carry their own s.221(1) duty.

## When is disclosure not required?

Two carve-outs, and both are narrower than they look.

**s.221(2)** — where the director's interest arises from being a **member or
creditor** of a corporation which is itself interested in the contract, and the
interest **may be regarded as not being a material interest**. Materiality is the
gate, and it is undefined in the section.

**s.221(3)** — a director is not deemed interested by reason only that:

- the contract relates to a loan to the company that the director has guaranteed
  or joined in guaranteeing; or
- the contract has been or will be made with, for the benefit of, or on behalf of
  a corporation which is **deemed related under s.7** to the company of which he
  is a director.

Section 221(3) states that it has effect for the purposes of other written laws
as well — but it closes with a sentence that undoes it for many companies: the
subsection **shall not affect the operation of any provision in the constitution
of the company**. If your constitution imposes a stricter disclosure rule, s.221(3)
does not rescue you from it. Section 221(11) says the same thing from the other
direction: s.221 is in addition to and not in derogation of any constitutional
restriction.

## Does a general notice work?

Yes, within limits. Section 221(4) allows a director to give the board a general
notice to the effect that he is an officer or member of a specified corporation,
or a member of a specified firm, and is to be regarded as interested in any
contract made with that corporation or firm after the date of the notice.

The notice is deemed a sufficient declaration only if:

1. it **specifies the nature and extent** of the director's interest in that
   corporation or firm; and
2. the actual interest at the time each contract is made is **not different in
   nature or greater in extent** than what the notice specified.

And s.221(5) supplies the delivery rule that most general notices fail: the notice
**is of no effect** unless it is given at a meeting of the directors, or the
director takes reasonable steps to ensure that it is brought up and read at the
next directors' meeting after it is given.

So a general notice filed with the secretary and never tabled is worth nothing.
It has to reach a board meeting, and the minute has to show that it did.

## Why is s.221(8) the secretary's problem?

Section 221(8) is one sentence:

> The secretary of the company shall record every declaration made under this
> section in the minutes of the meeting at which the declaration was made.

It is not framed as good practice and it is not addressed to the board. It is a
duty on the secretary, and s.221(12) makes **every officer and any other person**
who contravenes the section liable, on conviction, to imprisonment for up to five
years or a fine up to RM3 million or both. A secretary is an officer under the
s.2 definition.

What a compliant minute has to show, on the face of it:

| Element | Why |
| --- | --- |
| The director's name and that he declared an interest | s.221(1) requires a declaration by that director |
| **The nature** of the interest, stated | s.221(1) requires the nature to be declared, not merely that an interest exists |
| Where relied on, that a s.221(4) general notice was tabled and read | s.221(5) |
| Whether the director participated or voted | s.222(1), where it applies |
| The resolution and who voted for it | to evidence a valid approval |

A minute reading "Mr Lim declared an interest" fails the second row. The section
requires the **nature** to be declared, and a minute that does not record the
nature is not evidence that the nature was declared.

## When does the s.222 voting restriction actually apply?

This is where most published guidance overreaches, and the correction matters for
the majority of Malaysian companies.

Section 222(1) provides that a director interested in a contract entered into or
proposed to be entered into by the company shall be **counted only to make the
quorum**, shall **not participate in any discussion** while the contract is being
considered, and shall **not vote** on it.

Then s.222(2) disapplies s.222(1):

- **(a) to a private company, unless it is a subsidiary of a public company;**
- (b) to a private company that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a public company,
  for contracts with the holding company or a fellow wholly-owned subsidiary;
- (c) to a contract of indemnity against loss a director may suffer by becoming
  surety for the company; and
- (d) to a contract of a public company, or a private company that is a subsidiary
  of a public company, with another company in which the director's interest
  consists solely of being a director holding no more than his qualifying shares,
  or of an interest in **not more than five per cent** of that other company's
  paid-up capital.

So for an ordinary Sdn Bhd that is not a subsidiary of a public company, the
statutory voting and discussion ban **does not apply**. The disclosure duty under
s.221 applies in full; the s.222 restriction does not.

That does not make the interested director free to vote. Two things still
constrain him. The **constitution** may impose its own restriction, and s.221(11)
expressly preserves it. And s.213(1) still requires the power to be exercised for
a proper purpose and in good faith in the best interest of the company — which is
a poor fit with casting the deciding vote on your own contract. Where the board
is small, the safer practice is to abstain and minute the abstention regardless
of what s.222(2)(a) permits.

Where s.222(1) does apply, breach is an offence under s.222(4) carrying up to five
years or RM3 million or both, and s.222(3) makes the contract voidable at the
company's instance on the same terms as s.221(10).

## Common mistakes

**Minuting the fact of a declaration but not its nature.** Section 221(1) requires
the nature to be declared. A minute that omits it leaves no evidence the statutory
declaration was actually made.

**Filing a general notice and never tabling it.** Section 221(5) renders it of no
effect. The notice must be given at a meeting or read into the next one.

**Treating s.222 as universal.** Section 222(2)(a) takes ordinary private
companies out of the voting restriction entirely. Guidance that tells an Sdn Bhd
director he is legally barred from voting is overstating the Act — though the
constitution and s.213(1) may still get you to the same place.

**Assuming an exempt private company is outside s.221.** The EPC exemption in the
Act attaches to s.224 loans, not to disclosure of interest. Section 221 applies to
every company.

**Declaring after signature.** The duty attaches to a **proposed** contract and
runs from knowledge. A declaration made at the next quarterly board meeting, after
the contract was signed, is not "as soon as practicable".

**Forgetting the s.221(6) standing declaration.** A new director who is also a
director of three other companies and holds property leased to the company must
declare those conflicting offices and holdings at his **first** board meeting.
This is a distinct duty from the contract-specific one.

## What's next

Build the declaration into the standing board agenda so that s.221(1) and s.221(6)
are addressed at every meeting and the minute template forces the nature of the
interest to be captured — see
[minute books and records](/en/company-secretary/minute-books-and-records) for the
retention and inspection rules that apply once the minute exists.

Read this alongside [directors' duties](/en/company-secretary/directors-duties),
which sets out the s.213 and s.218 framework the disclosure duty sits inside, and
[loans to directors](/en/company-secretary/loans-to-directors), where the same
interest usually appears in a different statutory form.

## Sources

- Companies Act 2016 (Act 777), reprint as at 1 August 2022 — https://www.ssm.com.my/Pages/Legal_Framework/Document/Companies%20Act%202016_Akta%20777_BI%20(1.8.2022).pdf (SSM)
- Companies (Amendment) Act 2024 (Act A1701) — https://www.ssm.com.my/Pages/Legal_Framework/Document/A1701%20BI.pdf (SSM)
- Practice Directive 1/2017 (Revised 1 October 2024) — Late Lodgement Penalties — https://www.ssm.com.my/Pages/Legal_Framework/Document/Practice%20Directive%201_2017%20(Revised)%201%20Oct%202024.pdf (SSM)

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